SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS

Session 1: Global Climate System

The Earth's climate mainly revolves around the two common terms such as Weather and climate. Generally, Weather researches exploits the short term events such as the formation, movement and prediction of the common weather results like low pressure and hurricanes while the climate researches concerned with the long term prediction of the atmosphere, which whirls around the queries like Possibilities, frequencies and intensities of the Hurricanes. The climate change and the climatic conditions have impacts on human since we appeared on planet. For example,  the glaciation of  earth will reduce the human to a tiny population. The climate system involves the three main factors of the atmosphere i.e. the solar radiation, Temperature changes, and the climate variability based on physical and biological conditions. Energy balance is found to be one of the key important factor in understanding climatic system where about 49% of  sun’s radiation is absorbed by the earth surface and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere. This energy in the form of radiation warms the earth in which the warming of earth cause radiating energy back into space.

• Energy Balance
• Earthly Temperature Balance
• Solar Heating of the Planet
• Glaciation and Land Response
• Climate Variability

Energy Balance of the Earth and the Climate system has been considered in terms of the net imbalance between the absorbed shortwave radiation and outgoing long wave radiation at the top of the Atmosphere.

Session 2: Science Behind Climate Change

Climate change, a marvel that basically characterized as the radical change in climate conditions or variety of time in climate conditions for a more extended period due to either by regular or human exercises. The fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure and the response in change of emission of gases recorded by the barometric measurements show the high emission of  carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides and halo carbons which are highly emerge by the human activities. The atmospheric  properties not only involves the temperature pressure, it also involves the level of sea, condition of the ocean and glaciers.

• ·         Barometric response
• ·         Greenhouse gases: Cause of climate change
• ·         Climate Variables and Space monitoring
• ·         Effective habituation
• ·         Climate change and Viability

Session 03:  Nature Variability

In the mean state and the measurable premise, the event of climatic variations happened because of the radioactive compelling as well as because of the progressions in inner interaction between the segments in atmospheric framework. Therefore a discrimination studies between the internal and external natural variability is much needed one. Externally incited atmosphere variation, basically reacts to expanded scope of space and time scales. An effect of sun based radiation on environmental surface is one of the case of externally incited  atmosphere variation. Without outer inducement, the climatic variation will happen naturally with various reaction time and non-linear collaborations. This sort of variety is known as Internally activated climate variety typically Termed as El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs between the environment and the ocean in tropical pacific where the time go goes on for 6 to year and a half. Natural changes in the earth orbit that has occurring over a period of thousand years is also one of the causes of climatic change. It also involves Pacific decadal Oscillation (PDO) which naturally occurs due to the fluctuation in oceans and the phase lasts for more than 20 years.

·         Natural Climate Inconstancy

·         Evaluation

·         ENSO

·         PDO

·         Non- Linearities

·         Radiative Forcing

   

      Session 04: Paleoclimatology

A term which is used to define the study of past climates. Since, studying of past climate by going back to time is not possible, scientists and researchers have used indentations to study the past climate known as intermediaries such as animals, corals and the sediments. Data collected from the intermediaries interpret with the modern climate and incorporated in a climate model to predict the future climatic conditions. Foraminifera, a common name used to describe diatoms and forams which serves as the main precursor of detecting past climatic conditions by the sedimentary content of the shells of diatoms and forams. Other proxies, that are mainly used to study the past climatic condition also includes the thickness of the tree rings,  sedimented cores, ice core records and by the variations in marine organisms. In the pal-Eocene age that is 55.5 million years ago, the earth seems to be warmer than today in which there is larger amount of CO2 was found.

·         Dendroclimatology

·         Sedimentary content

·         Sclerochronology

·         Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Session 05: Anthropogenic activities

Other than regular exercises, environmental change is exceedingly affected by the created innovations and expanding in higher rates of human activities. The light from the sun would not go straight to the earth's surface it was going through the mists of air and cloud, afterward get emanated back as Infrared Heat. Among  90% of this warmth is consumed by the greenhouse gases which keeps the earth at a normal warming which can be adequate for survival. In any case, these days, because of some anthropogenic activities, for example, mining which prompts increase in high methane, the industrial manure that we are using leads to high concentration release of CO2 and deforestation that prompts low oxygen supply. The industrial movement highly prompts the expansion of carbon dioxide emergence level of 250 ppm to 400 ppm over the most recent 100 years.

·         Fracking

·         Incineration and dirty manure

·         Industrial progression

          Desertification